abstract: The changes in chemical and physical features of the atmosphere very often influence, both directly and indirectly, human life conditions. The description and parameterization of the exchange processes between the Earth surface and the atmosphere require the development of both new scientific ideas and measuring techniques. This monograph contains the description of the state-of-the-art atmospheric studies where novel measuring techniques were applied for both gas fluxes and gas concentration studies. These studies were conducted in different landscape elements under Polish climate conditions. The profile methods presented in the first chapter of this monograph include theoretical and practical considerations about the application Bowen ratio profile method. These techniques have been commonly used since 1980s for heat and water balance investigations of the ecosystem active surface. Their application has been recently extended to other gas fluxes estimations e.g. ammonia, methane etc. The eddy covariance (EC) technique has become the main method of heat and mass exchange estimation over the ecosystems. Both theoretical and technical background of the EC method as well as preliminary estimations of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes are described in the second chapter. So is the parameterization of exchange processes between the forest and the atmosphere. The forest EC system in Tuczno that was the source of data for those studies is the first permanent measuring station in Poland operating since the end of 2008. The chamber technique can be considered as an alternative or supplement for the EC method, under certain conditions e.g. small scale of measurements, lack of turbulence in the atmosphere. The manual chamber measurements are not often conducted in terrain conditions, e.g. monthly since this method requires considerable labor input. This technique must be applied along with such measurements as e.g. air temperature and solar radiation that allow to estimate the fluxes between each chamber measurement sessions. Both the chamber technique and calculation procedures are presented in the third chapter. These studies were conducted at Rzecin wetland where the Meteorology Department measuring station has been operating since 2003. Urban areas in Poland are considerable emitter of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere since most of the Polish homesteads are coal heat dependent. The results of EC measurements that were carried out in Łódź city center during the period from July 2006 to July 2009 are presented in the fourth chapter. The studied area is permanent and season independent emitter of CO2. The summer fluxes observed over Łódź are the smallest during the whole year because of the combination of plants' photosynthetic activity and very reduced carbon dioxide city emission. The nitrogen oxide affects directly human health and it is noticeable in the city centers. The goal of the study described in the fifth chapter of this monograph was the presentation of the changes in the concentration of tropospheric ozone in comparison with fluctuations of nitrogen oxide concentration. The observations show the impact of meteorological conditions on photochemical processes appearing in the atmosphere over Warsaw. Natural radioactivity in the atmospheric boundary layer is mainly determined by radon (222Rn) and radon progeny. This is the most important radioactive gas observed in the atmosphere in Poland. Chapter six contains the study of the temporal variability of near-surface 222Rn concentration in relation to urban and rural meteorological parameters (i.e. air temperature, thermal vertical gradient, wind speed) and urban heat island phenomenon. The carbon dioxide exchange between the ecosystems and the atmosphere depends on the state of development of its vegetation canopy. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a commonly used parameter that expresses the ratio of alive leaf to the ground area. The estimation of the value of this ratio in forest conditions can be conducted by application of different methods. The hemispherical photography technique was presented in chapter seven as common and non destructive method of LAI estimation in the forest. The measurements were carried out at Tuczno site, the first permanent forest EC tower established by the Meteorology Department scientific team. Methane is one of the most important gases in terms of global warming potential. The wetlands are described in literature as one of strongest sources of this gas in the environment. The measurement of this gas is difficult since its concentration in the atmospheric air is very low. The Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) approach has been recently considered as a very reliable method for low concentrated gases fluxes measurements. The first polish REA was developed and successfully tested by scientific workers of the Meteorology Department, Poznan University of Life Sciences. The description of these activities is included in chapter eight. The possibility of chamber technique application under nighttime (lack of turbulence) conditions is the advantage of this method in comparison to the EC technique. The description of night time chamber measurements and studies of the obtained data are presented in the last chapter of this monograph.