abstract:  The objective of the paper was to review constitutive models of granular solids formulated in macro- and microscopic scales. The most frequently used yield conditions and yield rules involving interactions in makro- and micro scales were considered. Examples of practical applications for use as a constitutive model of granular solids of biological origin were shown. The necessity of increasing the scope of an experimental verification with focusing attention on large deformation of grains was indicated.

keywords: granular solids, constitutive models

original in: Polish